“Chinese Mobs Drag American Women Through Streets; Journalists Expose How Easily Anyone Can Start a Fake University in D.C.”
What's on the Front Page
China erupts in anti-Christian violence as nationalism boils over. In Foochow, mobs dragged American and British women through the streets, beat two ministers, and ransacked churches, schools, and hospitals in what the Evening Star calls a "Boxer Uprising" echo. Catholic institutions, the YMCA, and a girls' school were all looted. The U.S. destroyer Pillsbury was rushed from Shanghai to respond. Forty-four missionaries, mostly American, evacuated the interior and arrived in Shanghai. The chaos has spread across China—in Sianfu, students smashed church signs and demanded foreigners be expelled. Even General Feng Yu-Hsiang, celebrated as a "Christian general," proved a bitter disappointment, launching anti-Christian propaganda campaigns in his territory. Meanwhile in New York, two painters allegedly bombed the Italian consulate, claiming hatred of Mussolini inspired their act. And in a revealing expose, Evening Star journalists just proved how laughably lax D.C. incorporation laws are—they created a fully accredited "United States University" for just $2.45, granted themselves degrees, and shut it down to expose the gap in statute.
Why It Matters
This moment captures the collision between American missionary expansion and China's fierce anti-colonial nationalism. The 1920s saw Western influence entrenched across China through treaties and religious institutions, but Chinese students and soldiers increasingly saw Christianity as a tool of imperialism. The violence here foreshadows larger upheavals coming—within months, the Nationalist government would consolidate power and systematically restrict foreign activities. For America at home, the story reflects anxieties about interventionism in Central America (Nicaragua) and Mexico, plus growing unease about radical politics (the Italian consulate bombing amid labor tensions). The "University" exposé, meanwhile, typifies Progressive-era muckraking—using journalism to shame bureaucratic carelessness into reform.
Hidden Gems
- The bomb used at the Italian consulate was "home-made" and filled with metal slugs set off by clockwork—yet it caused no deaths, only broken windows and a torn door. This was the era before standardized explosives regulation.
- The Italian consulate had to post a warning in Italian telling visitors to beware of "fixers" loitering outside who'd promise to handle business for money. The consul general had just begun a cleanup drive against these street operators.
- The United States University's entire library consisted of a single paper-bound book: the corporation laws of the District of Columbia, donated by an unnamed philanthropist. The degrees granted are described as "absolutely legal."
- General Feng Yu-Hsiang, celebrated by missionaries as the "Christian general," responded to capturing Shensi Province by launching elaborate anti-Christian propaganda campaigns with posters and handbills, forcing native Christians to recant. The missionaries were "bitterly disillusioned."
- The Rumanian treaty publication scheduled for Tuesday marks France's fourth formal alliance (with Belgium, Poland, and Czechoslovakia already signed), while a fifth treaty with Jugoslavia has already been drafted—part of France's systematic post-WWI containment strategy against German resurgence.
Fun Facts
- The Evening Star journalists created the United States University specifically to expose how easily degree-granting authority could be obtained in D.C.—costing only $2.45 total. This kind of stunt journalism was a trademark of the 1920s muckraking tradition, and it worked: within weeks, Congress would tighten charter requirements for educational institutions.
- Secretary of State Kellogg, mentioned defending Nicaragua policy, was simultaneously negotiating what would become the Kellogg-Briand Pact—signed just months later in August 1928—which attempted to outlaw war entirely as an instrument of national policy. It ultimately involved 63 nations but proved toothless.
- The reference to the Boxer Uprising (1900-1901) would have been fresh in readers' minds as a cautionary tale. That anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising killed thousands of missionaries and Chinese Christians and required an eight-nation military intervention. This 1927 violence echoed those fears of history repeating.
- The Italian consulate bomb, attributed to labor activists opposing Mussolini, reflects how Fascism was becoming a flashpoint in American immigrant communities—Italians were bitterly divided between anti-fascists and Mussolini supporters, making Italian diplomatic outposts lightning rods.
- At the exact moment this paper went to print, the first Academy Awards ceremony was about to happen (May 1927). Hollywood was consolidating into the studio system that would define American culture for decades—a transformation receiving almost no newspaper coverage at the time.
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