“Should Geronimo Be Executed? What Washington's Inner Circle Really Thought (Sept. 1886)”
What's on the Front Page
The Washington Critic—a scrappy local paper boasting rapid circulation growth—leads with "Government Gossip," Washington's favorite parlor sport. Secretary of the Interior Lamar is upstate in New England for three weeks, preparing an address for the dedication of a John C. Calhoun statue in Charleston come November. Meanwhile, Commissioner Black has accepted an invitation to a military reunion in Illinois, where he'll toast "Our Country and Flag." The biggest story lurking in the middle: Geronimo, the Apache resistance leader, has surrendered and is now a prisoner of war under the War Department. Interior Department officials are openly discussing whether he should be tried and executed "as a much needed example to deter other restless and treacherous Indians from taking the war path." The paper also recalls a dramatic Civil War moment—the 1861 shooting of Colonel Elmer Ellsworth in Alexandria, Virginia, when he tried to tear down the Confederate flag—and notes that the shooter's daughter, Amelia Jackson, has just been appointed to the Patent Office. "Times have certainly changed," the paper observes dryly.
Why It Matters
September 1886 finds America wrestling with the aftermath of westward expansion and Indian Wars. Geronimo's capture marked the symbolic end of Apache resistance, though the debate over his fate reveals the brutal ideology of the era—government officials casually discussing execution as a deterrent. The nostalgic retelling of Colonel Ellsworth's death in 1861 shows how Americans were beginning to process the Civil War as history, now a quarter-century past. Meanwhile, Washington's bureaucracy is expanding rapidly, with new positions opening in the Patent Office, Pension Office, and Land Office. The page captures a moment when the federal government was still relatively small and intimate—high officials commuting by streetcar, making small talk, taking jokes.
Hidden Gems
- A young Pension Office employee theorizes that earthquakes are caused by water pumps: 'A great deal of water is pumped up in the course of a day. In a year the aggregate is enormous. That must, of necessity, leave a hollow space or vacancy where the water is pumped from, under these cities. By and by there's a break, and the soil above drops in, and there's your earthquake.' The newspaper finds this more plausible than the official scientific explanation.
- Acting Attorney General Solicitor-General Jenks has an unusual commute ritual: he never signals the streetcar driver to stop but instead 'swings on while it is in motion with all the ease of a young man,' sits in the smokers' end, and later 'slips off while it is in rapid motion,' the faster the better. This casual acrobatics while reading legal briefs speaks to turn-of-century urban confidence.
- The Food Inspector condemned 7,730 crabs in a single week, along with hundreds of bunches of fish and thousands of pounds of spoiled meat—a stunning glimpse into food safety before refrigeration and inspection standards.
- A property transaction shows Mrs. Susan H. Cunningham paying $1,500 for a 24-by-44-foot lot on K Street between 24th and 25th—a sliver of Washington real estate roughly the size of a postage stamp by modern standards.
- An 83-year-old gentleman climbed the Washington Monument on his birthday and had to be carried down after reaching one-third of the way back, but the paper celebrates his patriotic gumption rather than mocking him.
Fun Facts
- Geronimo's surrender in 1886 is mentioned here as a settled matter—he and his followers 'being held as prisoners of war.' He would actually spend the next 23 years imprisoned, not released until 1909, making this moment a hidden turning point in one of America's longest Indian Wars.
- Secretary Lamar is preparing a speech for the unveiling of a John C. Calhoun statue in Charleston—a powerful moment showing how the post-Civil War South was rapidly constructing Confederate memory and monumentalizing figures like Calhoun, who had died in 1850 but was being re-canonized as the South rebuilt.
- The paper mentions Colonel Ellsworth's 1861 death as a romantic tragedy worth commemorating, yet omits that his killer, James Jackson, was a slaveholder and secessionist—by 1886, the heroic narrative had been sufficiently softened that even his daughter could be appointed to federal office without scandal.
- The Railway Mail Clerks convention was adjusting death-benefit assessments: members under 40 paid $1.50 per death, members over 60 paid $3. This proto-insurance system shows how workers were creating mutual aid networks decades before Social Security existed (which wouldn't arrive until 1935).
- The paper reports that between 600 and 700 people attempted to climb the Washington Monument in a single day—it was Washington's primary tourist attraction, drawing roughly 1,000 visitors per month in 1886, making it far more accessible and popular than most Americans realize.
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