“Howling Defiance at the Governor: How Seattle's Mob Expelled 400 Chinese in a Single Day”
What's on the Front Page
Seattle exploded into chaos on February 7, 1886, as a mob of anti-Chinese agitators systematically expelled Chinese residents from the city. Acting Police Chief Murphy led a committee that moved from house to house in Chinatown, ostensibly inspecting sanitary conditions, while a massive crowd looted belongings and herded residents toward the docks. About 400 Chinese were corralled in a warehouse, with roughly 100 forced onto the steamship Queen of the Pacific after townspeople collected money for their passage. When Governor Watson C. Squire issued a proclamation ordering the mob to disperse, they responded with howls of defiance and ignored the fire bells summoned to alert authorities. By evening, militia and home guards patrolled the streets while the steamer was enjoined from sailing—a writ of habeas corpus challenged whether the Chinese were being illegally detained. The situation remained tense and uncertain as rain fell on the Ocean dock, where hundreds of Chinese huddled, unable to return home.
Why It Matters
This was one of the most dramatic moments in America's anti-Chinese movement. By 1886, tensions over Chinese labor competition had been building for years, erupting in violence from California to Washington Territory. This Seattle expulsion—which would intensify over the following weeks—reflected the era's virulent nativism and labor unrest. The Knights of Labor, while denying direct involvement here, represented broader working-class anxieties about wages and jobs. The federal government's inability to immediately deploy troops (General Gibbon needed presidential orders) exposed the limits of federal authority during a period of intense social fragmentation. Anti-Chinese sentiment would culminate in the Chinese Exclusion Act's strengthening and wouldn't meaningfully reverse until World War II.
Hidden Gems
- The steamer's officers came prepared for violence: they 'prepared a hot water hose, and took every precaution to defend the vessel from any attempt to force the Chinamen on board'—suggesting mob violence against ships was a real, expected threat.
- Governor Squire sent urgent telegrams requesting U.S. troops to General Gibbon commanding the Department of Columbia, but Gibbon replied he 'could not send troops to Seattle without direct orders from the President'—the President never sent them, leaving state officials powerless against federal jurisdiction.
- The article notes that prominent agitators from Tacoma, including Mayor Weisbach of Tacoma himself, arrived the day before the expulsion, suggesting the violence was organized across multiple cities and may have been coordinated regionally.
- A concurrent story reports Deputy Marshals raiding the homes of Mormon leader George Q. Cannon over polygamy charges, with a $500 reward offered for his capture—showing simultaneous moral panics targeting religious minorities.
- The page reports heavy ice choking New York harbor, with vessels frozen in and forced ashore—a reminder of how weather, not just politics, paralyzed 19th-century commerce.
Fun Facts
- Governor Watson C. Squire, who issued the proclamation here, would later become a U.S. Senator from Washington and help establish the University of Washington—his powerlessness to stop this mob foreshadowed his later frustration with federal Indian policy.
- The article mentions the Knights of Labor were suspected of heading the mob but had 'no evidence whatever' of organizational involvement. Yet the Knights' 1886 membership peaked that year at 700,000—this moment captures them at maximum influence even as they publicly distanced themselves from violence.
- General John Gibbon, mentioned as unable to deploy troops without presidential orders, was the same general who survived the Battle of the Little Bighorn—his strict adherence to federal chain of command here contrasted sharply with military action in Indian conflicts.
- Rev. T. DeWitt Talmage's sermon on husbandly duties appears on the same page, with the Brooklyn Tabernacle's pew rentals bringing in $31,000 annually (roughly $900,000 today)—his moralizing about marriage duties played to wealthy Brooklyn audiences while anti-Chinese mobs operated 2,500 miles away.
- The page reports 'Telegrams to Washington' about Mexican border trouble and army recruitments at Columbus, Ohio—within 20 years, Columbus Barracks would become a major military training center for the Spanish-American War.
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