“Why Washington D.C. Had No Jobless in 1886 (And What General Crook Really Thought About Apache Scouts)”
What's on the Front Page
The Washington Critic's January 11, 1886 edition leads with government appointments and military logistics. President Cleveland has nominated 29 new postmasters across the country—including positions in Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Texas, Kansas, and California—along with appointing a new Land Office registrar in Alabama. The paper also reports that General George Crook, the celebrated Indian fighter, will *not* be relieved of his command in Arizona despite earlier plans to replace him with General Nelson Miles. Crook's friends, backed by the vigorous advocacy of General Sheridan, convinced the President to keep him in place to handle the ongoing Apache outbreak. The government section also covers postoffice promotions (salary increases ranging from $1,400 to $1,600), naval movements including the USS Powhatan undergoing repairs at Key West, and a surprising economic claim: Washington D.C. has lower unemployment and higher average wages than any other major American city, with monthly wage disbursements 30% higher per capita than anywhere else in the nation.
Why It Matters
In 1886, patronage appointments were the lifeblood of American politics—the spoils system rewarded political loyalty with federal jobs, and a presidential call for 29 postmaster nominations was routine but consequential business. Meanwhile, the Indian Wars were far from over. General Crook's continued leadership in Arizona reflected the government's ongoing struggle with Apache resistance, a conflict that wouldn't fully resolve for another few years. The economic data about Washington's robust job market and high wages reveals a capital city thriving on federal spending and government employment—a pattern that would only intensify as America industrialized and the federal bureaucracy expanded throughout the Gilded Age.
Hidden Gems
- Woodward Lothrop department store is liquidating winter gloves with aggressive pricing: boys' dogskin gloves marked down from 75¢ to 62½¢, men's fur-top fleece-lined pairs reduced from $1 to 73¢—suggesting retail clearance urgency despite it still being January, only mid-winter.
- The paper reports that Washington's unemployed rate is lower than 'any city of the country' and wages are 30% higher per capita than elsewhere—yet doesn't explain why. This suggests the capital was already becoming a white-collar jobs engine, a century before it would become a suburban sprawl.
- General Crook's field officers are quoted acknowledging a brutal strategic problem: Apache scouts, paid by the U.S. Army, deliberately avoid engaging hostile Apaches when the 'trail gets too hot' because they prioritize their own safety over victory. The commander admits he has no choice but to use them because they're the only ones who can track in the terrain.
- A real estate transaction recorded: Lucy W. Guild selling property to Elizabeth A. Lyman for $10,500—an enormous sum for 1886, suggesting speculation in Washington real estate was already fierce.
- The paper mentions that in one of 'O'Donnell's processions in San Francisco a man carried a banner inscribed: "San Francisco will be Free"'—a cryptic reference suggesting labor unrest or independence movements were active on the West Coast during this period.
Fun Facts
- General George Crook, mentioned prominently here as the 'famous Indian fighter,' commanded U.S. forces during the Apache Wars (1871-1886). He's kept in position partly because of General Sheridan's advocacy—Sheridan, who infamously said 'The only good Indian is a dead Indian,' was Crook's superior. Despite the brutality of Indian Wars rhetoric, Crook was actually considered the most humane commander of the era, and his Apache scouts remained loyal to him even years after military campaigns ended.
- The Cleveland administration is appointing 29 postmasters in a single day—a reminder that federal patronage was the primary way politicians rewarded supporters. By 1886, there were roughly 55,000 postmasters across America, making the Post Office Department the largest civilian federal employer. This would eventually become so corrupt that it triggered civil service reform.
- The USS Powhatan, mentioned as undergoing repairs in Key West, was actually a historic vessel that had served in the Civil War and multiple international conflicts. She would continue sailing until 1887—meaning this news item captures one of her final years in service.
- Washington D.C.'s reported wage advantage in 1886 foreshadowed its future: by the early 20th century, government jobs would dominate the capital's economy, attracting waves of clerks, typists, and bureaucrats and transforming Washington from a sleepy Southern city into a white-collar employment center.
- The Apache outbreak mentioned as ongoing would culminate just two years later in 1888, when the final holdout Apache bands surrendered. Crook's continued command proved crucial—though frustrated by the changing dynamics (armed hostiles, demoralized scouts), his persistence helped bring the Indian Wars era closer to its end.
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