Thursday
November 16, 1865
Baltimore daily commercial (Baltimore, Md.) — Baltimore, Maryland
“1865: President's brother dies in Texas, Fenians threaten Canada, and French forces trapped in Mexico”
Art Deco mural for November 16, 1865
Original newspaper scan from November 16, 1865
Original front page — Baltimore daily commercial (Baltimore, Md.) — Click to enlarge
Full-size newspaper scan
What's on the Front Page

Just seven months after the Civil War's end, America finds itself nervously watching tensions flare along the Canadian border as fears of a Fenian invasion grip the northern territories. Canadian authorities have deployed both regular and volunteer troops to the frontier, with banks particularly on edge after remembering the St. Albans raid. Meanwhile, tragic personal news reaches the capital as President Andrew Johnson mourns the accidental death of his brother W.P. Johnson, who died in Texas after a gunshot wound from a mishap while crossing the Brazos River left him suffering for nearly a month before amputation proved too late. The front page also chronicles the dramatic transformation of the defeated South, where a Savannah correspondent reports that goods are so abundant they're selling cheaper than in New York, but notes pointedly that 'the wants are great, but the dollars are few.' In Mexico, French Imperial forces find themselves completely besieged at Matamoros, cut off and reduced to one-third rations.

Why It Matters

This November 1865 front page captures America at a pivotal crossroads of Reconstruction. With slavery formally abolished by six of the seven rebellious states and their conventions complete, the nation grapples with fundamental questions of citizenship and democracy—Washington D.C.'s council debates whether to hold a special election on Black suffrage, while the South rebuilds under President Johnson's lenient reconstruction policies. Meanwhile, international tensions simmer as Confederate veterans like General A.W. Terrill return from Mexico's Imperial army, and Irish-American Fenians plot against British Canada, threatening to drag the war-weary United States into new conflicts along its northern border.

Hidden Gems
  • The Pay Department revealed it had disbursed 'one thousand and twenty millions of dollars' since the war began—over $1 billion—with losses and expenses totaling just three-quarters of one percent
  • A former Confederate Adjutant General Sam Cooper is quietly living at Mark Alexander's residence in Mecklenberg County, Virginia, while his family has relocated to Maryland
  • William A. Darling, who beat notorious Fernando Wood for Congress, resigned from running New York's Third Avenue Railroad after 11 years and received a $5,000 farewell gift from the board
  • Dr. Tyng's church burned down completely, leaving only walls and towers standing—the edifice cost over $250,000 but carried only $70,000 in insurance
  • Over 100 people of both sexes are crammed into the Indianapolis jail, with about 30 awaiting transfer to the penitentiary
Fun Facts
  • The paper mentions General A.W. Terrill returning from Mexico's Imperial army—he was switching sides at exactly the right moment, as Emperor Maximilian would be executed by firing squad just 18 months later
  • Those Southern state bonds worth $150 million that Europeans were holding? Most would become worthless wallpaper, contributing to a decades-long reluctance by foreign investors to trust American state debt
  • The steamship Liberty brought news of the Jamaica rebellion—this Morant Bay Rebellion would lead to the resignation of British Governor Edward Eyre and a famous debate over colonial brutality featuring John Stuart Mill
  • The Eighteenth Regular Infantry heading to Fort Leavenworth under Colonel Carrington was marching toward the Powder River War, where Carrington would build Fort Phil Kearny and face Red Cloud's fierce resistance
  • Gold was trading at 147—meaning it took $1.47 in greenbacks to buy $1 in gold, reflecting massive wartime inflation that wouldn't fully resolve until the 1870s
Anxious Civil War Reconstruction Politics Federal Politics International Diplomacy War Conflict Disaster Fire
November 14, 1865 November 18, 1865

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