Thursday
March 23, 1865
Chicago tribune (Chicago, Ill.) — Illinois, Cook
“📰 March 1865: 'Like opposing jaws of a terrible vice' - The final squeeze on Richmond”
Art Deco mural for March 23, 1865
Original newspaper scan from March 23, 1865
Original front page — Chicago tribune (Chicago, Ill.) — Click to enlarge
Full-size newspaper scan
What's on the Front Page

The Chicago Tribune's front page crackles with anticipation as the Civil War appears to be in its final death throes. The lead story declares that 'upon the events of the next few days hangs the fate of the rebellion,' with Generals Sherman and Grant closing in like 'the opposing jaws of a terrible vice.' The paper reports that gold opened at Gallagher's Exchange at 159 but fell to 155 amid rumors that Sherman had captured Raleigh. Military trials dominate other headlines, including the ongoing Chicago Conspiracy trials in Cincinnati, where witness Maurice Davis testified about John L. Shanks, revealing his own colorful past of three marriages and a gambling career. Meanwhile, Missouri is beginning its transition back to civilian rule under General Pope's Order No. 15, with Eastern capitalists rushing to buy land following the passage of the emancipation ordinance.

Why It Matters

This March 1865 edition captures America at the most pivotal moment of the 19th century - the final collapse of the Confederacy. With Richmond on the verge of falling and the rebellion 'petering out,' the nation stands just weeks away from Lincoln's assassination and the beginning of Reconstruction. The economic indicators tell the story: gold prices fluctuating on war rumors, Missouri land changing hands faster than it had in four years, and the Confederacy down to just 180,000 effective troops according to South Carolina Legislature documents. This is democracy's greatest test reaching its climax, with the very future of American union and freedom hanging in the balance.

Hidden Gems
  • Flour cost twelve hundred dollars a barrel in Richmond - General Keller bought just ten apples for twenty dollars while imprisoned there
  • The 72nd Illinois regiment had soldiers thought killed at Franklin who turned up alive as prisoners at Meridian, Mississippi - John Beeman, James Stanton, and Isaac W. Kelly
  • Maurice Davis, testifying in the Chicago Conspiracy trials, casually mentioned he'd had three wives, with divorces from the first two, and married his third wife just three days after his second divorce was finalized
  • A steam mill explosion at Lebanon, Indiana killed two men outright and seriously injured two others on this very day
Fun Facts
  • The paper mentions Charles W. Russell visiting General Keller in Richmond prison - Russell was actually a prominent Virginia politician who would later become a U.S. Congressman, showing how even Confederate sympathizers were hedging their bets
  • General Pope's military order for Missouri mentioned Chariton and Adair counties seeing more land sales in three months than in the previous four years - this was the beginning of the great post-war Western migration that would reshape America
  • The Christian Commission appeal mentioned in the paper was run by the YMCA and would go on to become a model for modern military chaplaincy and disaster relief organizations
  • Gold trading at Gallagher's Exchange reflects the primitive state of financial markets - the New York Stock Exchange wouldn't get its first ticker tape machine until 1867, two years after this paper
  • The reference to 'metallic pills' as medicine for preserving Republican institutions was 19th-century slang for bullets - showing how newspapers used euphemisms even for wartime violence
Anxious Civil War Reconstruction War Conflict Military Crime Trial Economy Markets Politics State
March 22, 1865 March 24, 1865

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