Monday
January 9, 1865
New-York daily tribune (New-York [N.Y.]) — New York City, New York
“The Single Word That Let a Confederate Army Escape—and 13 Officers' 80-Day Prison Break”
Art Deco mural for January 9, 1865
Original newspaper scan from January 9, 1865
Original front page — New-York daily tribune (New-York [N.Y.]) — Click to enlarge
Full-size newspaper scan
What's on the Front Page

The front page blazes with news from General Thomas's Army as Confederate General Hood's battered forces escape across the Tennessee River into Alabama after their crushing defeat at Nashville. The story reveals a maddening near-miss: Union forces could have captured Hood's entire army, but a catastrophic mix-up sent their pontoon bridge train down the wrong road. Someone in high command mistakenly wrote 'Murfreesboro' instead of 'Franklin' in the orders, forcing the pontoons to backtrack 10 miles while Hood's men frantically laid their own bridge and fled to safety. Elsewhere, thirteen Union officers have arrived in Nashville after an extraordinary escape from Confederate prison camps, spending up to 80 days traversing enemy territory. Their harrowing accounts describe surviving on a pint of cornmeal and half-pint of molasses daily at Columbia prison, then receiving life-saving aid from enslaved people during their journey to freedom. The page also covers failed negotiations to exchange captured New-York Tribune correspondent Richardson, held for 18 months in Richmond's notorious Libby Prison, and details of the unsuccessful Wilmington expedition where General Butler's transports waited days for Admiral Porter's fleet to coordinate the attack.

Why It Matters

These stories capture the Civil War at a crucial turning point in early 1865. Hood's escape, while frustrating, marked the effective end of Confederate power in Tennessee and the collapse of their last major western offensive. The detailed accounts of prison conditions and the Underground Railroad assistance provided by enslaved people reveal the war's human cost and the crucial role of African Americans in Union victory. Meanwhile, the failed Wilmington assault shows the persistent challenges of coordinating complex military operations. With Sherman marching through the Carolinas and Grant tightening his grip on Richmond, these January 1865 events represent the Confederacy's final gasps—though few realized how close the war's end truly was.

Hidden Gems
  • The escaped Union officers survived on prison rations of just 'a pint of corn meal, a half pint of sorghum molasses, and a little salt, per day' with an occasional 'tablespoonful of flour or rice' as a luxury at Columbia prison
  • A 20-year-old enslaved man named Jim not only fed escaped Union officers but 'got us a boat and took us across' a river, then 'put us on the right road' to safety
  • Tribune correspondent Richardson has been held in Confederate prisons for 18 months after being captured 'while attempting to run the Vicksburg river batteries, in a tug' alongside other Northern journalists
  • The Confederate pirate Semmes has recently arrived in Richmond 'via Matamoras' after The New Orleans Picayune reported him in Mexico
  • General Butler's transports waited with 'weather the most delightful and the sea as calm as an inland lake' for three days (16th, 17th, and 18th of December) while Admiral Porter's fleet remained at Beaufort taking on supplies
Fun Facts
  • That single word mix-up—'Murfreesboro' instead of 'Franklin'—may have changed Civil War history, allowing Hood's army to escape and potentially extending the war in the Western theater
  • The Tribune correspondent Richardson mentioned here was Albert Richardson, who would later write one of the most famous Civil War memoirs and become a pioneering war correspondent—if he survived his 18 months in Confederate prisons
  • The escaped officers' praise for enslaved people's assistance—'faces beam with gratification, while some were almost melted to tears'—provides rare contemporary documentation of the Underground Railroad's role in helping Union soldiers
  • General Hood, mentioned as crossing the Tennessee River ahead of his troops, would indeed be superseded by Nathan Bedford Forrest within weeks, marking the end of his disastrous Tennessee campaign
  • The failed Wilmington expedition described here was actually the first attempt—a second assault in February 1865 would succeed, closing the Confederacy's last major port and hastening the war's end
Tragic Civil War War Conflict Military Civil Rights
January 8, 1865 January 10, 1865

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