“October 1864: Pennsylvania Dems Sense Victory as Lincoln's War Grows Unpopular—'The Union Savers' Strike Back”
What's on the Front Page
The Bedford Gazette erupts with triumphant news for the Democratic Party as elections in Connecticut and Delaware deliver stunning victories just weeks before the November presidential showdown. Delaware's results are particularly dramatic: New Castle County swung Democratic by 62 votes, Sussex by 450, and Kent by a commanding 903—giving the state a total Democratic majority of 1,405. This represents a seismic shift from October 1862, when Republicans held a 432-vote advantage in New Castle alone. The paper celebrates these results as vindication for the McClellan-Pendleton ticket, declaring "BEHOLD HOW BRIGHTLY BREAKS THE MORNING" and urging Pennsylvania's "FREEMEN OF THE OLD KEYSTONE" to follow suit on Election Day. The masthead promises Pennsylvania will deliver the knockout blow to what Democrats call the "imbecile and corrupt Administration at Washington." Alongside the election coverage runs a lengthy opinion piece titled "A Plea for the Copperheads" that reframes Democratic opponents of Lincoln's war policies as the true defenders of the Union—invoking their party's historical accomplishments from territorial expansion to the Monroe Doctrine while cataloging nine specific grievances against Lincoln, from currency destruction to the suspension of habeas corpus.
Why It Matters
October 1864 was the pivotal moment of the Civil War's political struggle. Lincoln's reelection seemed genuinely threatened—his approval had cratered following the staggering casualty lists of Atlanta, Gettysburg, and the Wilderness campaign. The Democratic platform explicitly called for an immediate armistice and negotiated peace, rejecting the Republican insistence on unconditional surrender and the abolition of slavery. Elections in Connecticut and Delaware suggested momentum was building against Lincoln. Pennsylvania, then the second-most populous state, held elections on October 11—just three days before this paper's publication—and would become a crucial bellwether for the November general election. The outcome here would help determine whether America's bloodiest war ended in negotiated settlement or continued until one side achieved total victory.
Hidden Gems
- The Bedford Gazette charged $2 per year for subscription 'if paid strictly in advance,' with a stern warning that non-payment of newspaper arrears constituted prima facie evidence of fraud and 'a criminal offence'—showing how seriously 19th-century publishers took their receivables and how subscription costs represented meaningful household expenses.
- The legal establishment in Bedford was strikingly dense: at least nine practicing attorneys advertised on this single front page, with multiple offices clustered around the 'Mengel House,' suggesting a town of perhaps 2,000-3,000 people supported an unusually large legal profession—likely because Civil War military claims for pensions, back pay, and bounties consumed enormous amounts of legal work.
- Gun smith David Defibaugh's advertisement specifically mentions he was taking over John Boarder's 'Workshop' and advertises 'Rifles and other guns made to order'—in October 1864, with the war still raging, civilian gunsmiths were apparently still accepting custom orders, suggesting either confidence the war would end soon or that civilian firearms manufacturing continued throughout the conflict.
- The paper reprints a Democratic argument claiming Lincoln resembles an 'absolute king' and comparing him to the Blue-Light Federalists and Tories of the Revolution—exposing how Civil War-era Democrats had begun invoking authoritarian parallels to attack Republican war powers, language that would echo throughout American political debate.
- An auctioneer's advertisement for 'Scott Stewart' lists offices in Philadelphia at 'Jayne's Marble Building' on both Chestnut and Jayne Streets—the same building that would later house the Jayne's Medical Almanac, one of the most widely distributed medical texts of the era, suggesting this was prime commercial real estate in Reconstruction Philadelphia.
Fun Facts
- The opinion piece invoking Andrew Jackson as a 'Union-Saver' who 'quelied rebellious South Carolina' refers to the Nullification Crisis of 1832-33—exactly 32 years before this paper was printed—showing how Democrats were mining Jackson's forceful preservation of federal authority to argue they, not Lincoln, were the true guardians of Union. Jackson's willingness to threaten military force against South Carolina became a Democratic talking point *against* Lincoln's actual use of military force.
- The Crittenden Resolution mentioned as the Democratic touchstone was passed in July 1861, barely three months into the war, and explicitly pledged the war was being fought to preserve the Union 'as it was'—with slavery intact. By October 1864, this had become a rallying cry for negotiated peace without emancipation, showing how quickly the war's stated purpose had shifted in Republican hands.
- The paper's dense roster of lawyers advertising 'military claims speedily collected' reveals an entire shadow economy that emerged from the Civil War: thousands of attorneys across the North specialized in extracting pensions, bounties, and back pay from a federal government struggling to process millions of claims from soldiers and their families.
- B.F. Meyers, the publisher listed at the masthead, was simultaneously running a newspaper, managing subscriptions, and apparently maintaining enough resources to attract significant local advertising—suggesting newspaper publishing in 1864 required capital and was a legitimate business venture, not a marginal operation.
- The Democratic argument that emancipation represented a violation of the original constitutional compact shows how thoroughly the Civil War had become, by October 1864, a battle over the literal meaning and intent of the 1787 Constitution—with Democrats arguing Lincoln had violated its letter and spirit, while Republicans argued preserving the Union required reinterpreting it.
Wake Up to History
Every morning: one front page from exactly 100 years ago, with context, hidden gems, and an original Art Deco mural. Free.
Subscribe Free