Wednesday
December 24, 1862
Washington telegraph (Washington, Ark.) — Hempstead, Arkansas
“Christmas 1862 in Arkansas: Schools Open, Soldiers Conscripted, and War Reshapes a Town”
Art Deco mural for December 24, 1862
Original newspaper scan from December 24, 1862
Original front page — Washington telegraph (Washington, Ark.) — Click to enlarge
Full-size newspaper scan
What's on the Front Page

On Christmas Eve 1862, the Washington Telegraph carried urgent notices of Confederate military mobilization alongside advertisements for everyday civilian life—a jarring collision of war and normalcy. The dominant story is General Order No. 45, establishing conscription enforcement across Arkansas. Col. Benjamin F. Daniel is appointed Commandant of Conscripts, with Major James H. Sparks overseeing Division No. 2, which includes Washington County itself. The order subdivides Arkansas into four military districts with camps of instruction being established at Jacksonport, Dardanelle, and Pine Bluff. Meanwhile, the same front page advertises a livery stable run by the Burt brothers, offering horses for $15 a month and saddles for $1.50 a day. Capt. George Taylor, the local quartermaster, desperately seeks bacon contracts, wagons, and clothing materials—"Jeans, Linseys, White Domestics" for soldiers. A Confederate Post Office notice calls for sealed proposals to carry mail from Washington to Doaksville, 110 miles, twice weekly. Schools are reopening in September with classical curricula, while the Arkansas Institute for the Education of the Blind announces its annual session at Arkadelphia, offering education to poor blind children at state expense.

Why It Matters

December 1862 marks a critical turning point in the Civil War. The Confederacy, facing catastrophic losses at Shiloh, Antietam, and Vicksburg, implemented mandatory conscription—a brutal admission that volunteering alone couldn't sustain its armies. This Arkansas newspaper captures that desperation in real time. The ads for farm provisions, horses, and clothing reveal how deeply the war machine had penetrated rural civilian life. By late 1862, the romantic notion of Southern independence was colliding violently with the practical hell of total war. The concurrent announcements of schools reopening and educational institutions functioning show Southerners attempting to maintain normalcy and civilization even as their young men were being forcibly enrolled to die in distant battles.

Hidden Gems
  • A enslaved man named Zach, age 24, fled the salt works in Sevier County, and his owners (Hoover & Kinsworthy) offered a $25 reward for his capture or jail confinement—a haunting reminder that the Confederacy was fighting to preserve slavery even as it conscripted enslaved men to serve as military cooks.
  • Capt. John C. Arnett actively recruited enslaved men for 'Capt. Etter's Company of Light Artillery,' requiring only 'written consent of the owners'—the Confederate Army explicitly formalized the use of enslaved labor for military service months before considering arming them.
  • Moore & Smith's drug store (one door west of M. Wiseberg's) advertised paying 75 cents per dozen for empty bottles, 50 cents for pints, and 25 cents for vials, suggesting acute shortages of containers in wartime Arkansas.
  • The Washington Exchange Company had two separate note-issuing entities ('Washington Exchange Company' and 'Exchange Company at Washington') and had to redirect redemptions to B.L. Brittin & Miller Co. during the cashier's absence—monetary chaos rippled through even small Southern towns.
  • A gray saddle horse was stolen from Little Rock in November 1862, and the owner placed a reward notice in the Washington Telegraph—suggesting horses were so valuable and scarce by late 1862 that stolen animals warranted statewide publication.
Fun Facts
  • General Order No. 45 established conscription camps at Jacksonport, Dardanelle, and Pine Bluff—these three towns became processing centers where thousands of Arkansas men were forcibly inducted. The Dardanelle camp would later become a major Confederate supply depot, but the initial conscription wave was deeply unpopular; desertion rates in Arkansas would eventually reach 40% or higher.
  • The Rocky Comfort school announced it would reopen 'Deo volente' (God willing)—a Latin phrase reflecting how Southern education still clung to classical tradition even as the Confederacy was crumbling. By 1863, most such schools would close permanently as buildings were requisitioned for military use.
  • David Block is listed as 'General Agent Produce Loan for the Confederate States,' calling on Arkansans to sell cotton to the government—this 'produce loan' was a euphemism for forced agricultural requisition, a desperate measure that alienated Southern civilians from their own government.
  • The mail route from Washington to Doaksville ran 110 miles twice weekly—by late 1862, maintaining civilian postal service in a war zone was nearly impossible. This route would likely be disrupted within months as Union forces moved deeper into Arkansas.
  • The Arkansas Institute for the Education of the Blind charged $160 per session but accepted poor blind children for free with a county judge's certificate—a remarkably progressive social policy for the antebellum South, showing that even a slave society invested in some forms of institutional care for vulnerable populations.
Anxious Civil War War Conflict Military Economy Labor Education Crime Violent
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