“When Medical School Cost $3/Week & Girls Learned French Near the Capitol—Education in 1846”
What's on the Front Page
This September 1846 edition of The Daily Union is dominated by advertisements for elite educational institutions reopening for the fall term. Miss Heaney's Academy near the Capitol announces its resumption on the first Monday of September, offering instruction in English, French, vocal and instrumental music, landscape and portrait drawing—with an impressive roster of endorsements from congressional leaders including Hon. Edward Everett, Hon. James Savage, and even William Cullen Bryant. Mrs. Mary L. Eliason's boarding and day school in Alexandria offers similar fare, with tuition of $100 per session for board and English/French/Latin instruction. The University of New York's medical school advertises its October opening, boasting 407 students in the prior session and 133 degrees conferred, with clinical instruction at the New York Hospital, Eye and Ear Infirmary, and a "University Surgical Clinique" where over 600 patients are presented to students annually. The paper also carries real estate listings—notably 26 acres of woodland two and a half miles north of the Capitol for sale, promising building sites with views of the city and countryside, described as convenient by "fifteen minutes ride" to town.
Why It Matters
In 1846, America was mid-expansion and consolidating its intellectual infrastructure. Education was becoming professionalized and urbanized—medical schools were moving from apprenticeship models to formal institutions with clinical teaching, while female education was becoming fashionable among the elite. The prominence of these ads reflects the growth of Washington as a political and cultural center, with land speculation reflecting optimism about the capital's future. This was also the eve of the Mexican-American War (declared May 1846), so the nation was in a moment of territorial ambition and intellectual confidence. The emphasis on French language education and "accomplished" young ladies suggests how American gentry were still aspiring to European cultural standards.
Hidden Gems
- Miss Heaney's Academy explicitly promises that vocal music and dancing will be offered 'as recreations, at no extra charge' and 'directed personally by herself'—suggesting that elite female education in 1846 was becoming increasingly systematized, with clear curriculum structures and instructor qualifications.
- The University of New York medical school charges $105 for a full course of lectures but allows students to 'attend one or more of the courses, as he may be disposed, and pay only for the lectures for which he enters'—a surprisingly flexible, modular approach to medical education in an era before standardized curricula.
- Dr. Ritchie's office is simply listed as being 'on Pennsylvania avenue, North side, three doors above 19th street' with no specialty mentioned—suggesting medical practice in 1846 was far less regulated than today, with physicians apparently not needing to advertise their credentials or specialties.
- A classified ad announces that in 1830, Thomas Pentecost's will divided his Virginia estate among his wife, brother William (who 'died in Georgia'), and three sisters named Nancy Jackson, Elizabeth St. John, and Martha Dials—the meticulous tracking of property rights across state lines reveals the legal complexity of managing estates in a rapidly expanding nation.
- Mme. Bujac's French and English Academy in Baltimore is housed in what was 'formerly McElderry's Mansion,' indicating how large private estates were being repurposed as educational institutions as the American middle class expanded.
Fun Facts
- The University of New York medical school advertised excellent board and lodging 'in the vicinity of the college for $2.50 to $3 per week'—roughly $75-$90 in today's money, making medical education remarkably affordable compared to modern standards.
- William Cullen Bryant, the famous poet and editor of the New York Evening Post, endorses Miss Heaney's Academy on this front page. Bryant was one of the most influential literary figures in America and his endorsement of a girls' school reflects how seriously the antebellum elite took female education as a marker of refinement.
- The advertisement for 26 acres near the Capitol mentions the land 'would be advantageously divided into four or five parcels and would make beautiful residences for persons doing business in Washington'—this is suburban development speculation happening in 1846, a century before sprawl became standard.
- The page includes a lengthy advertisement for medical apparatus called 'Read's admirable patent, safely-graduated electro-galvanic apparatus, united with the medicated vapor bath'—an early example of electrical medicine, which would become a widespread pseudoscience in the late 19th century.
- Multiple references to 'Spanish' and 'French' language instruction and imported Spanish books suggest robust intellectual exchange with Europe even during a period of westward expansionism, showing how American elites maintained cultural ties across the Atlantic.
Wake Up to History
Every morning: one front page from exactly 100 years ago, with context, hidden gems, and an original Art Deco mural. Free.
Subscribe Free